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Ketahui Ragam Jenis Sertipikat Tanah dan Perbedaannya – TARGETNUSA.com
Lewati ke konten
JAKARTA, Targetnusa.com –
Di Indonesia, terdapat tujuh jenis sertipikat tanah yang umum dikenal masyarakat. Setiap sertipikat menunjukkan jenis hak atas tanah yang berbeda. Perbedaan itu akan memengaruhi beberapa faktor, seperti siapa yang boleh memiliki tanah tersebut, untuk tujuan apa tanah digunakan, hingga berapa lama hak itu berlaku. Karena itu, memahami ragam jenis sertipikat penting agar masyarakat dapat memastikan status hukum tanah yang dimilikinya sudah tepat.
Pengaturan mengenai hak atas tanah sendiri dituangkan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria (UUPA). Melalui sistem pendaftaran tanah, setiap bidang tanah yang telah terdaftar akan memiliki sertipikat sebagai bukti hak yang memberikan kepastian hukum bagi pemegangnya. Tujuh jenis sertipikat yang ada di Indonesia antara lain Sertipikat Hak Milik (SHM), Sertipikat Hak Guna Bangunan (SHGB), Sertipikat Hak Guna Usaha (SHGU), Sertipikat Hak Pakai, Sertipikat Hak Pengelolaan (HPL), Sertipikat Hak Milik atas Satuan Rumah Susun (HMSRS), dan Sertipikat Tanah Wakaf.
Sertipikat Hak Milik (SHM)
Sertipikat Hak Milik merupakan jenis sertipikat dengan kedudukan paling kuat dalam sistem pertanahan Indonesia. Hak ini hanya dapat dimiliki oleh warga negara Indonesia dan bersifat turun-temurun.
Berbeda dengan hak atas tanah lainnya, Hak Milik tidak memiliki batas waktu tertentu selama tanah tersebut digunakan sesuai dengan fungsi sosialnya. Karena sifatnya yang paling kuat, sertipikat ini paling banyak digunakan untuk kepemilikan rumah tinggal maupun tanah pribadi.
Sertipikat Hak Guna Bangunan (SHGB)
Sertipikat Hak Guna Bangunan memberikan hak kepada pemegangnya untuk mendirikan dan memiliki bangunan di atas tanah yang bukan miliknya sendiri. Berdasarkan UUPA, hak ini diberikan paling lama 30 tahun dan dapat diperpanjang hingga 20 tahun. Setelah itu, hak tersebut masih dapat diperbarui sesuai ketentuan yang berlaku. Dalam praktiknya, SHGB banyak digunakan dalam pembangunan kawasan perumahan, apartemen, maupun pusat kegiatan usaha.
Sertipikat Hak Guna Usaha (SHGU)
Sertipikat Hak Guna Usaha diperuntukkan bagi kegiatan usaha yang memanfaatkan tanah dalam skala besar, seperti perkebunan, pertanian, perikanan, atau peternakan. UUPA mengatur bahwa hak ini dapat diberikan paling lama 35 tahun dan dapat diperpanjang hingga 25 tahun. Sertipikat jenis ini biasanya dimiliki oleh perusahaan atau badan hukum yang mengelola lahan luas untuk kegiatan produksi.
Sertipikat Hak Pakai
Sertipikat Hak Pakai memberikan hak kepada seseorang atau suatu badan untuk menggunakan tanah atau memungut hasil dari tanah tersebut. Hak ini dapat diberikan kepada warga negara Indonesia, badan hukum Indonesia, instansi pemerintah, maupun badan sosial dan keagamaan. Dalam kondisi tertentu, Hak Pakai juga dapat diberikan kepada orang asing yang berkedudukan di Indonesia.
Jangka waktu Hak Pakai umumnya diberikan paling lama 25 tahun dan dapat diperpanjang selama 20 tahun, tergantung pada peruntukan tanah dan kebijakan pemberian haknya. Namun, berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 18 Tahun 2021, Hak Pakai untuk instansi pemerintah tidak memiliki jangka waktu selama tanah tersebut masih dimanfaatkan.
Sertipikat Hak Pengelolaan (HPL)
Hak Pengelolaan merupakan bentuk penguasaan tanah oleh instansi pemerintah atau badan tertentu yang diberi kewenangan untuk merencanakan, menggunakan, dan mengelola tanah negara. Tanah dengan status ini sering dimanfaatkan untuk pengembangan kawasan, seperti kawasan industri, pelabuhan, atau wilayah pengembangan kota. Dalam pelaksanaannya, pemegang Hak Pengelolaan dapat bekerja sama dengan pihak lain melalui pemberian hak turunan, seperti Hak Guna Bangunan atau Hak Pakai di atas tanah tersebut.
Sertipikat Hak Milik atas Satuan Rumah Susun (HMSRS)
Untuk kepemilikan hunian vertikal seperti apartemen atau rumah susun, sebutannya dikenal dengan Sertipikat Hak Milik atas Satuan Rumah Susun. Sertipikat ini menunjukkan kepemilikan atas satu unit hunian sekaligus bagian bersama, benda bersama, serta tanah bersama yang digunakan oleh seluruh penghuni bangunan tersebut. Status tanah yang mendasari rumah susun dapat berupa Hak Milik, Hak Guna Bangunan, atau Hak Pakai.
Sertipikat Tanah Wakaf
Di Indonesia yang memiliki ragam budaya dan agama, terdapat jenis sertipikat tanah wakaf. Sertipikat ini digunakan untuk mencatat tanah yang telah diwakafkan untuk kepentingan keagamaan atau sosial. Tanah wakaf tidak dapat diperjualbelikan karena peruntukannya telah ditetapkan untuk kepentingan ibadah atau kesejahteraan umat, seperti pembangunan masjid, pesantren, sekolah, maupun fasilitas sosial lainnya.
Memahami jenis sertipikat tanah membantu masyarakat mengetahui hak dan kewajiban yang melekat pada tanah yang dimilikinya. Hal ini juga penting ketika akan membeli tanah, membangun properti, maupun mengajukan pembiayaan ke lembaga keuangan. Dengan memahami perbedaan jenis sertipikat serta jangka waktu haknya, masyarakat dapat memastikan tanah yang dimiliki telah memiliki kepastian hukum yang jelas dan dimanfaatkan sesuai dengan peruntukannya. (RED/TN/JM/JR)